First record of tuberculosis lesions in zooarchaeological samples of otariid pinnipeds. New aspects of the pre-european origin of human tuberculosis in South America and dissemination mechanisms of Mycobacterium pinnipedii in the Southern Hemisphere (publicación en inglés)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In 2003 Mycobacterium pinnipedii was described as responsible for producing tuberculosis (TB) in living otariid pinnipeds from Argentina and Australia. It is the only member of marine origin within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), which also affects other domestic and wild mammals, and humans. Based on several pre-Columbian records of human tuberculosis in South America, in 2010-2011 a new hypothesis about the origin of this zoonosis through otariid pinnipeds arose. In 2014, this hypothesis was confirmed based on the study of ancient DNA from three mummies (700-1,000 years BP) of the Chiribaya culture (Peru). Since there were no records of TB bone lesions in zooarchaeological samples of otariid pinnipeds from South America and the rest of the world, our study aimed at examining zooarchaeological samples of pinnipeds from coastal sites of the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina), being the oldest Túnel I (6,400-4,300 years BP). A total of 4,138 vertebrae were analyzed, of which 0.46 % showed lesions compatible with TB. In addition, we propose a new hypothesis on possible mechanisms of Mycobacterium pinnipedii dissemination that would explain the transmission routes to the different otariid pinniped species of the Southern Hemisphere. Mycobacterium pinnipedii is one of the most aggressive mycobacteria of the MTBC and of high risk for humans.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyleft
Este obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
Usted es libre para: Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato
- Adaptar — remezclar, transformar y crear a partir del material
- Para cualquier propósito, incluso comercialmente
- El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia
-
Atribución — Usted debe darle crédito a esta obra de manera adecuada, proporcionando un enlace a la licencia, e indicando si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo del licenciante.
-
CompartirIgual — Si usted mezcla, transforma o crea nuevo material a partir de esta obra, usted podrá distribuir su contribución siempre que utilice la misma licencia que la obra original.
- No hay restricciones adicionales — Usted no puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Copyrigth
Si bien los derechos de autor de los artículos son de los mismos autores; el titular del copyrigth es la Revista Comechingonia.
Esto estará indicado en cada artículo, asi como la licencia Copyleft anteriormente descrita.
How to Cite
References
Allison, M.J., D. Mendoza and A. Pezzia
1973 Documentation of a Case of Tuberculosis in Pre-Columbian America. American Review of Respiratory Disease 107(6): 985-991.
Arbiza, J., A. Blanc, M. Castro-Ramos, H. Katz, A. Ponce de León and M. Clara
2012 Uruguayan Pinnipeds (Arctocephalus australis and Otaria flavescens): Evidence of Influenza Virus and Mycobacterium pinnipedii Infections. In New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals, Chapter 7, (ed. by A. Romero and E.O. Keith), pp. 151-183. INTECH, London.
Arriaza, B.T., W. Salo, A.C. Auferheride and T.A. Holcomb
1995 Pre-Columbian tuberculosis in Northern Chile: molecular and skeletal evidence. American Journal Physical Anthropology 98: 37-45.
Arrieta, M.A., M.A. Bordach and O.J. Mendonça
2011 Tuberculosis precolombina en el noroeste argentino (NOA). El cementerio de Rincón Chico 21 (RCH 21), Santa María, Catamarca. Intersecciones en Antropología 12: 245-260.
2014 Pre-Columbian Tuberculosis in Northwest Argentina: Skeletal Evidence from Rincón Chico 21 Cementery. International Journal of Osteoarchaelogy 24: 1-14.
Balázs, J., P.G. Zádori, C. Vandulek, E. Molnár, B. Ôsz, Z. Bereczki, L. Paja, A. Palkó, O. Fogas, A. Zink, A. Nerlich and G. Pálfi
2015 Morphological and paleoradiological studies of Pott’s disease cases. Acta Biologica Szegediensis 59 (2): 211-216.
Bastida, R., J. Loureiro, V. Quse, A. Bernardelli, D. Rodríguez and E. Costa
1999 Tuberculosis in a wild subantarctic fur seal from Argentina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35 (4): 796-798.
Bastida, R., D. Rodríguez, E. Secchi and V. da Silva
2007 Mamíferos Acuáticos de Sudamérica y Antártida. Vázquez Mazzini Editores, Buenos Aires.
Bastida, R. and D. Rodríguez
2009 Marine Mammals of Patagonia & Antarctica. Vázquez Mazzini Editores (Second Edition), Buenos Aires.
Bastida, R., R. Guichón and V. Quse
2010 Escenarios para el origen y dispersión de la tuberculosis en Patagonia Austral y Tierra del Fuego. Nuevos actores y líneas de evidencia. Arqueología Argentina en el Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo, Tomo I (ed. by Bárcena J., and Chiavazza H.), pp. 227-230. Mendoza, Argentina.
Bastida, R., V. Quse and R. Guichón
2011 La Tuberculosis en grupos de cazadores recolectores de Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego: nuevas alternativas de contagio a través de la fauna silvestre. Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica 13 (1): 83-95.
Bernardelli, A., R. Bastida, J. Loureiro, H. Michelis, M. Romano, A. Cataldi and E. Costa
1996 Tuberculosis in sea lions and fur seals from the southwestern Atlantic coast. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International des Epizooties 15 (3) : 985-1005.
Bester, M.N.
1980 Population increase in the Amsterdam Island fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis at Gough Island. South African Journal of Zoology 15: 229–234.
1981 Seasonal changes in the population composition of the fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis at Gough Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 11 (2): 49–55.
1987 Subantarctic fur seal Arctocephalus tropicalis at Gough Island (Tristan da Cunha Group). Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. Proceedings of international symposium and workshop (ed. by Croxall J.P., and Gentry R.L.), pp. 57–64. US Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Cambridge, Seattle.
1990 Population trends of subantarctic fur seals and southern elephant seals at Gough Island. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 20: 9–12.
Bester, N.N., P.G. Ryan and B.M. Dyer
2003 Population numbers of fur seals at Prince Edward Island, South Ocean. African Journal of Marine Science 25: 549–554.
Bester, M.N., J.W. Wilson, M.H. Burle and G.J.G. Hofmeyr
2006 Population trend of Subantarctic fur seals at Gough Island. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 36 (2): 191–194.
Bos, K.I., K.M. Harkins, A. Herbig, M. Coscolla, N. Weber, I. Comas, S.A. Forrest, J.M. Bryant, S.R. Harris, V.J. Schuenemann, T.J. Campbell, K. Majander, A.K. Wilbur, R.A. Guichón, D.L. Steadman, D.C. Cook, S. Niemann, M.A. Behr, M. Zumárraga, R. Bastida, D. Huson, K. Nieselt, D. Young, J. Parkhill, J.E. Buikstra, S. Gagneux, A.C. Stone and J. Krause
2014 Pre-Columbian mycobacterial genomes reveal seals as a source of New World human tuberculosis. Nature 514: 494–497.
Brites, D. and S. Gagneux
2015 Co-evolution of M. tuberculosis and H. sapiens. Immunological Reviews 264: 6–24.
Brites, D., C. Loiseau, F. Menardo, S. Borrell, M.B. Boniotti, R. Warren, A. Dippenaar, S.D. Parsons, C. Beisel, M.A. Behr, J.A. Fyfe, M. Coscolla and S. Gagneux
2018 A New Phylogenetic Framework for the Animal-Adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Front Microbiology 9: 2820.
Campos, E.J., J.L. Miller, T.J. Müller and R.G. Peterson
1995 Physical Oceanography of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Oceanography 8 (3): 87-91.
Castello, H.P. and M.C. Pinedo
1977 Primeiro registro de Arctocephalus tropicalis para a costa do Rio Grande do Sul (Pinnipedia, Otaridae). Atlântica 2: 111–119.
Castro, A., M. Zubimendi, P. Ambrústolo, L. Mazzitelli, M. Beretta, L. Ciampagna, V. Trola, H. Hammond, L. Zilio and M. Plischuck
2010 Sitio Cueva del Negro: un caso de aprovechamiento intensivo de los recursos marinos en la costa norte de Santa Cruz (Patagonia Argentina). Arqueología Argentina en el Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo, Tomo I (ed. by Bárcena J. and Chiavazza, H.), pp. 309-314. Mendoza, Argentina.
Castro Ramos, M., H. Katz, A. Moraña, M. Tiscornia, D. Morgades and O. Castro
2006 Tuberculosis en pinnípedos (Arctocephalus australis y Otaria flavescens) de Uruguay. En Bases para la Conservación y el Manejo de la Costa Uruguaya (ed. by R. Menafra, L. Rodríguez-Gallego, F. Scarabino and D. Conde), pp. 315-320. Vida Silvestre Uruguay, Montevideo.
Comas, I., M. Coscolla, T. Luo, S. Borrell, K. Holt, M.K. Maeda, J. Parkhill, B. Malla, S. Berg, G. Thwaites, D. Yeboah-Manu, G. Bothamley, J. Mei, L. Wei, S. Bentley, S. Harris, S. Niemann, R. Diel, A. Aseffa, Q. Gao, D. Young and S. Gagneux
2013 Out-of-Africa migration and Neolithic coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with modern humans. Nature Genetics 45 (10):1176–1182.
Comas, I., E. Hailu, T. Kiros, S. Bekele, W. Mekonnen, B. Gumi, R. Tschopp, G. Ameni, H. Glyn, B. Robertson, G. Goig, D. Stucki, S. Gagneux, A. Aseffa, D. Young and S. Berg
2015 Population Genomics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopia Contradicts the Virgin Soil Hypothesis for Human Tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Biology 25: 3260–3266.
Constantinescu, F.
1999 Evidencias bioantropológicas para modos de vida cazador recolector terrestre y marítimo en los restos óseos humanos de Tierra del Fuego. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia 26: 137-174.
Cousins, D.V.
1987 ELISA for detection of tuberculosis in seals. Veterinary Record 121 (13): 305.
Cousins, D., B. Francis, B. Gow, D. Collins and C. McGglashan
1990 Tuberculosis in captive seals. Bacteriological studies on an isolate belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Research in Veterinary Science 48: 196-200.
Cousins, D., S. Williams, R. Reuter, D. Forshaw, B. Chadwick, D. Coughran, P. Collins and N. Gales
1993 Tuberculosis in wild seals and characterization of the seal bacillus. Australian Veterinary Journal 70 (3): 92-97.
Cousins, D.V.
1995 Tuberculosis in seals in Australia. Proceedings of the Australian Veterinary Association Conference, pp. 51–57. Melbourne, Australia.
Cousins, D., R. Bastida, A. Cataldi, V. Quse, S. Redrobe, S. Dow, P. Duignan, A. Murray, C. Dupont, N. Ahmed, D. Collins, W. Butler, D. Dawson, D. Rodríguez, J. Loureiro, M.I. Romano, A. Alito, M. Zumárraga and A. Bernardelli
2003 Tuberculosis in seals caused by a novel member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: Mycobacterium pinnipedii sp.nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1305-1314.
Daniel, T.M.
2000 The origins and precolonial epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Americas: can we figure them out? International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 4 (5): 395–400.
Daniel, T.M.
2006 The history of tuberculosis. Respiratory Medicine 100: 1862-1870.
Donoghue, H.D.
2017 Insights gained from ancient biomolecules into past and present tuberculosis-a personal perspective. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 56: 176-180.
Eisenhofer, R. and L.S. Weyrich
2019 Assessing alignment-based taxonomic classification of ancient microbial DNA. PeerJ 7: e6594.
Forshaw, D. and G. Phelps
1991 Tuberculosis in a captive colony of pinnipeds. Journal Wildlife Disease 27: 288–295.
Gagneux, S.
2018 Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature Review Microbiology 16 (4): 202-213.
García Guraieb, S.
2006 Salud y enfermedad en cazadores-recolectores del Holoceno tardío en la cuenca del Lago Salitroso (Santa Cruz). Intersecciones en Antropología 7:37-48.
Gómez i Prat, J. and S. Mendonça de Souza
2003 Prehistoric tuberculosis in America: adding comments to a literature review. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98 (1):151-159.
Guichón, R.A., J.E. Buikstra, A.C. Stone, K.M. Harkins, J.A. Suby, M. Massone, A.P. Iglesias, A. Wilbur, F. Constantinescu and C.R. Martín
2015 Pre-Columbian tuberculosis in Tierra del Fuego? Discussion of the paleopathological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Paleopathology 11: 92-101.
Gusinde, M.
1986 Los indios de Tierra del Fuego (II): Los Yámanas. Centro Argentino de Etnología Americana, Buenos Aires.
Hershkovitz, I., H. Donoghue, D. Minnikin, H. May, O. Lee, M. Feldman, E. Galili, M. Spigelman, B. Rothschild and G. Bar-Gal
2015 Tuberculosis origin: The Neolithic scenario. Tuberculosis 95 (1): S122-126.
Hofmeyr, G.J., P.J. de Bruyn, M. Wege and M.N. Bester
2017 A conservation assessment of Arctocephalus tropicalis. Child MF. The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho (ed. by Roxburgh L., Do Linh S.E., Raimondo D., and Davies-Mostert H.T.), pp 59. South African National Biodiversity, Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa.
Holloway, K.L., R.J. Henneberg, M. de Barros Lopes and M. Henneberg
2011 Evolution of human tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paleopathological evidence. HOMO- Journal of Comparative Human Biology 62 (6): 402-58.
Holloway, K.L., K. Link, F. Rühli and M. Henneberg
2013 Skeletal Lesions in Human Tuberculosis May Sometimes Heal: An Aid to Palaeopathological Diagnoses. PLoS One 8 (4): e62798.
Houldcroft, C.J. and S.J. Underdown
2016 Neanderthal Genomics Suggests a Pleistocene Time Frame for the First Epidemiologic Transition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160:379–388.
Jefferson, T., M. Webber and R. Pitman
2015 Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. Academic Press, Singapore.
Jessup, D.
1990a. Desarrollos generales en el Intermedio Tardío en el Valle de Ilo, Perú. Informe Interno del Programa Contisuyo del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud, pp. 1-32. Southern Peru Copper Corporation, Moquegua, Perú.
1990b. Rescate arqueológico en el Museo de Sitio de San Gerónimo, Ilo. Trabajos arqueológicos en Moquegua Perú 3 (ed. by Watanabe L.K., Moseley M.E. and Cabieses F.) pp. 151-165. Programa Contisuyo del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud, Southern Peru Copper Corporation, Moquegua, Perú.
Jurczynski, K., K. Lyashchenko, D. Gomis, I. Moser, R. Greenwald and P. Moisson
2011 Pinniped tuberculosis in Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and its transmission to other terrestrial mammals. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 42: 222-227.
Kiers, A., A. Klarenbeek, B. Mendelts, D. Van Soolingen and G. Koëter
2008 Transmission of Mycobacterium pinnipedii to humans in a zoo with marine animals. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 12: 1469–1473.
Klaus, H., A. Wilbur, D. Temple, J. Buikstra, A. Stone, M. Fernandez, C. Wester and M. Tam
2010 Tuberculosis on the north coast of Peru: skeletal and molecular paleopathology of late pre-Hispanic and post-contact mycobacterial disease. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2587-2597.
Lacave, G., A. Malliot, V. Alerte, M. Boschiroli and A. Lecu
2009 Atypical case of Mycobacterium pinnipedii in a Patagonian sea lion (Otaria fl avescens) and tuberculosis cases history review in pinnipeds. EAAM Mycobacterium pinnipedii Workshop Report, pp. 155-156. Duisburg Zoo, Duisburg, Germany.
Lee, O.Y., H.H. Wu, G.S. Besra, B.M. Rothschild, M. Spigelman, I. Hershkovitz, G.K. Bar-Gal, H.D. Donoghue and D.E. Minnikin
2015 Lipid biomarkers provide evolutionary signposts for the oldest known cases of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (ed. by Robertson B.E., and Britton W.J.), pp. 216. Elsevier, London.
Legoupil, D.
1989 Ethno-Archéologie dans les archipels de Patagonia: les nomades marines de Punta Baja. Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Mémoire 84, París.
Linse, A.R.
1992 Is bone safe in a shell midden? In Decipheringa Shell Midden (ed. by Stein J.), pp. 327-345. Academic Press, San Diego.
Loeffler, S., G. de Lisle, M. Neill, D. Collins, M. Price-Carter, B. Paterson and K. Crews
2014 The Seal Tuberculosis Agent, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Infects Domestic Cattle in New Zealand: Epidemiologic Factors and DNA Strain Typing. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50 (2): 180-187.
Loureiro, J.
2014 Evolución del Estudio de la Tuberculosis en Pinnípedos de Argentina. Resúmenes del Tercer Congreso Latinoamericano de Rehabilitación de Fauna Marina, pp. 27-30. San Clemente del Tuyú, Argentina.
Lozada, M. and J.E. Buikstra
2005 Pescadores and Labradores among the Señorío of Chiribaya in Southern Peru. Us and Them: Archaelogy and Ethnicity in the Andes (ed. by Richard Martin Reycraft), pp. 206-225. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. University of California, Los Angeles.
Lucero, S., S. Rodríguez, P. Teta, G. Cassini and G. D’Elía
2019 Solving a long-standing nomenclatural controversy: designation of a neotype for the southern sea lion Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800). Zootaxa 4555 (2): 296-300.
Luna, L., C. Aranda and A. Amorín Alves
2017 Reflexiones sobre el relevamiento y análisis comparativo de patologías osteoarticulares en restos esqueletales humanos. Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica 19 (1): 1-8.
Machado Ferreira, J., L. de Oliveira, L. Wynen, M. Bester, C. Guinet, N. Moraes-Barros, F. Martins, M. Muelbert, I. Moreno, S. Siciliano, P. Ott and S. Morgante
2007 Multiple origins of vagrant Subantarctic fur seals: a long journey to the Brazilian coast detected by molecular markers. Polar Biology 31 (3): 303-308.
Martinoli, M.
2017 Pautas de procesamiento y consumo de pinnípedos en la costa Sur de Tierra del Fuego e Isla de los Estados: un análisis comparativo. Arqueología 23 (3): 173-196.
2018 Modalidades de explotación, procesamiento y consumo de pinnípedos en la margen meridional de Tierra del Fuego. Tesis Doctoral, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires.
Masson, M., Z. Bereczki, E. Molnár, H.D. Donoghue, D.E. Minnikin, O.Y. Lee, H.H. Wu, G.S. Besra, I.D. Bull and G. Pálfi
2015 7000 year-old tuberculosis cases from Hungary – Osteological and biomolecular evidence. Tuberculosis 95 (1): 13-17.
Moser, I., W.M. Prodinger, H. Hotzel, R. Greenwald, K. Lyashchenko, D. Bakker, D. Gomis, T. Seidler, C. Ellenberger, U. Hetzel, K. Wuennemann and P. Moisson
2008 Mycobacterium pinnipedii: Transmission from South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) to Bactrian Camel (Camelus bactrianus bactrianus) and Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus). Veterinary Microbiology 127:309–406.
Müller R., C.A. Roberts and T.A. Brown
2016 Complications in the study of ancient tuberculosis: Presence of environmental bacteria in human archaeological remains. Journal of Archaeological Science 68: 5-11.
Muñoz, S.
2011 Human-pinniped relationships in Southern Patagonia. Current issues and future research agenda. Trekking the shore: changing coastlines and the antiquity of coastal settlement (ed. by N.F Bicho, J.A. Haws, and L.G. Davis), pp. 305-332. Springer, New York.
Orquera L.A. and E.L. Piana
1992 Un paso hacia la resolución del palimpsesto. Análisis espacial en la Arqueología Patagónica (ed. by L. Borrero, and J.L. Lanata) pp. 21-52. Ayllu, Buenos Aires.
1999a Arqueología de la región del canal Beagle (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.
1999b La vida material y social de los Yámanas. Editorial Eudeba, Buenos Aires.
2000 Composición de Conchales de la costa del canal Beagle (Tierra del Fuego, República Argentina) (Primera parte). Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología XXV: 249-274.
2001 Composición de Conchales de la costa del canal Beagle (Tierra del Fuego, República Argentina) (Segunda parte). Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología XXVI: 345-368.
2009 Sea Nomads of the Beagle Channel in southernmost South America: over six thousand years of coastal adaptation and stability. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology 4: 1–21.
Orquera, L.A., E.L. Piana, D. Fiore and A.F. Zangrando
2012 Diez Mil Años de Fuegos. Arqueología y Etnografía del Fin del Mundo. Editorial Dunken, Buenos Aires.
Panarello, H., A.F. Zangrando, A. Tessone, L.F. Kozameh and N. Testa
2006 Análisis comparativo de paleodietas humanas entre la región del Canal Beagle y Península Mitre: perspectivas desde los isótopos estables. Magallania 34 (2): 37-46.
Piana, E.L, M. Vázquez and M. Álvarez
2008 Nuevos resultados del estudio del sitio Ajej I: un aporte a la variabilidad de estrategias de los canoeros fueguinos. Runa 29: 87-100.
Prado J.H.F., P.H. Mattos, K.G. Silva and E.R. Secchi
2016 Long-Term Seasonal and Interannual Patterns of Marine Mammal Strandings in Subtropical Western South Atlantic. PLoS One 11 (1): e0146339.
Reid, J.L., W.C. Patzert and W.D. Nowlin
1977 On the characteristics and circulation of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography 7 (1): 62-91.
Riojas, M.A., K.J. McGough, C.J. Rider-Riojas, N. Rastogi and M.H. Hazbón
2018 Phylogenomic analysis of the species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex demonstrates that Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium caprae, Mycobacterium microti and Mycobacterium pinnipedii are later heterotypic synonyms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68: 324-332.
Roberts, C.A. and J.E. Buikstra
2003 The bioarchaeology of tuberculosis: a global perspective on a re-emerging disease. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Rodríguez, D. and R. Bastida
1993 The southern sea lion, Otaria byronia or Otaria flavescens? Marine Mammal Science 9 (4): 372-381.
Rodríguez, D., R. Bastida, S. Morón and J. Loureiro
1995 Registros de lobos marinos subantárticos, Arctocephalus tropicalis, en Argentina. VI Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencias del Mar. Resumen 639, p. 170. Mar del Plata. Argentina.
Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, M.
1975 Pescadores, artesanos, y mercaderes costeños en el Perú prehispánico. Revista del Museo Nacional 41:311–349.
Salo, W.L., A.C. Aufderheide, J. Buikstra and T.A. Holcomb
1994 Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy. Proccedings of the National Academy of Science 91: 2091-2094.
Sandweiss, D.H., J.B. Richardon, E.J. Reitz, J.T. Hsu and R.A. Feldman
1989 Early maritime adaptations in the Andes: Preliminary studies at the Ring Site, Peru. Ecology, settlement, and history in the Osmore Drainage, Peru (ed. by Rice D.S., Stanish C., and Scarr P.R.) pp.18–35. BAR International series 545(i), British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
San Román, M.
2008 La explotación de mamíferos en el sitio Bahía Buena: economía de canoeros tempranos de Patagonia (Estrecho de Magallanes). Arqueología de Fuego-Patagonia. Levantando piedras, desenterrando huesos… y desvelando arcanos (ed. by Morello F., Martinic M., Prieto A., and Bahamonde G.), pp. 295-310. Ediciones CEQUA, Punta Arenas, Chile.
Schiavini, A.M.
1993 Los lobos marinos como recurso para cazadores-recolectores marinos: el caso de Tierra del Fuego. Latin American Antiquity 4: 346-366.
Sebille, E., S.M. Griffiesc, R. Abernatheyd, T.P. Adamse, P. Berloff, A. Biastochg, B. Blankeh, E.P. Chassigneti, Y. Chengj, C.J. Cotterf, E. Deleersnijderk, K. Döösn, H.F. Drakeo, S. Drijfhoutq, S.F. Garye, A.W. Heeminkl, J. Kjellssonr, I.M. Koszalkag, M. Langea, C. Liqueh, G.A. MacGilchristu, R. Marshq, C.G. Mayorga Adamev, R. McAdama, F. Nencioliw, C.B. Parisj, M.D. Piggotts, J.A. Poltonv, S. Rühsg, S.H. Shahm, M.D. Thomasx, J. Wangy, P.J. Wolframz, L. Zannat and J.D. Zikaa
2018 Lagrangian Ocean Analysis: Fundamentals and practices. Ocean Modelling 121: 49–75.
Shannon, L.V., G.H. Stander and J.A. Campbell
1973 Oceanic circulation deduced from plastic drift cards. Sea Fisheries Branch, South Africa, Department of Industries. Investigational Report 108: 1-31.
Sotomayor H., J. Burgos and M. Arango
2004 Demostración de tuberculosis en una momia prehispánica colombiana por la ribotipificación del ADN de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomédica 24 (Supl): 18-26.
Sudre J., C. Maes and V. Garcon
2013 On the global estimates of geostrophic and Ekman surface currents. Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments 3:1-20. DOI:10.1215/21573689-2071927.
Thi-Nguyen, N.T., G. Aboudharam, D. Raoult and M. Drancourt
2011 Beyond ancient microbial DNA: nonnucleotidic biomolecules for paleomicrobiology. BioTechniques 50:370-380.
Thompson P.J., D.V. Cousins, B.L. Gow, D.M. Collins, B.H. Williamson and H.T. Dagnia
1993 Seals, seal trainers, and mycobacterial infection. American Review of Respiratory Disease 147: 164–167.
Torres, D. and A. Aguayo
1984 Presence of Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray 1872) at the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile. Acta Zoologica Fennica 172: 133–134.
Velozo, R., A. Schiavetti and L. Wagner Dórea-Reis
2009 Analysis of subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) records in Bahia and Sergipe, north-eastern Brazil. JMBA2 – Marine Biodiversity Records.
Vergara-Santos, A., P. Barrios-Fuentes and F. González-Pérez
2015 Diagnóstico por imágenes de tuberculosis vertebral. Presentación de un caso. MediSur 13 (2): 303-308.
Vigário, D.C.
2010 Composição Etária, Craniometria e Ocorrências dos Lobos-marinhos Arctocephalus australis e Arctocephalus tropicalis no Litoral do Estado do Paraná. Thesis. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil.
Volkmer de Castilho, P. and P. Simões-Lopes
2008 Sea mammals in archaeological sites on the southern coast of Brazil. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 18: 101-113.
Wilbur, A.K. and J.E. Buikstra
2006 Patterns of tuberculosis in the Americas - How can modern biomedicine inform the ancient past? Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101(II): 59-66.
Wilbur, A.K., A.S. Bouwman, A.C. Stone, C.A. Roberts, L.A. Pfister, J.E. Buikstra, and T.A. Brown
2009 Deficiencies and challenges in the study of ancient tuberculosis DNA. Journal of Archaeology Science 36 (9):1990-1997.
Woods, R., D. Cousins, R. Kirkwood and D. Obendorf
1995 Tuberculosis in a wild Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) from Tasmania. Journal of Wildlife Disease 31: 83–86.
Wynen, L., S. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, M. Bester, I. Boyd, I. Gjertz, G. Hofmeyr, R.W.G. White and R.W. Slade
2000 Post sealing genetic variation and population structure of two species of fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella and A. tropicalis). Molecular Ecology 9:299–314.
Zangrando, A.F., M. Vázquez and A. Tessone
2011 Los cazadores-recolectores del extremo oriental fueguino. Arqueología de Península Mitre e Isla de los Estados. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología, Buenos Aires.
Zangrando, A.F.
2014 Human Predation on Pinnipeds in the Beagle Channel. Neotropical and Caribbean Aquatic Mammal: Perspectives from Archaeology and Conservation Biology (ed. by Muñoz S., Götz C., and Ramos Roca E.), pp. 161-174. Nova, New York.
Zangrando, A.F., H. Panarello and E.L. Piana
2014. Zooarchaeological and Stable Isotopic Assessments on Pinniped-Human Relations in the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego, Southern South America). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 24 (2): 231 - 244.
Zanre, R. and M.N. Bester
2011 Vagrant Subantarctic fur seal in the Mayumba National Park, Gabon. African Zoology 46:185–187.