EFFECTS OF COMBINED STRESS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND WATER DEFICIENCY ON FEMALE AND MALE FLOWERING AND KERNEL NUMBER IN MAIZE.
Keywords:
NG, hydric stress, subtropical hybrid, water deficiency, pollen, flowersAbstract
Extremely high temperatures and water deficits commonly affect crop productivity worldwide (Prasad et al., 2008; Lobell et al., 2013). The frequency of these events may increase as a result of global warming (Rezaei et al., 2015; IPCC, 2023; Heino et al., 2023) impacting to a greater extent in low latitudes with high probability of heat stress during crop growth and development (Easterling et al., 1997). Feng et al. (2020), in a global analysis, determined that Argentina is among the seven producing countries with the highest probability of occurrence of events with high temperatures and water deficit. Thus, the increase in the frequency and magnitude of heat stress (TS) due to high temperature and water deficit (DH) are among the main abiotic constraints with considerable adverse effects on maize yield (Lobell and Field, 2007; Hatfield et al., 2011). The number of grains (NG) is the component that explains most of the variations in maize yield (Tollenaar et al., 1992). The most critical time for NG determination in maize is around flowering (e.g., Tollenaar et al., 1992; Carrera et al., 2023). In particular, it was shown that the effects of ET on NG reduction were greatest between stigma emission and 15-17 days after stigma emission (Rattalino Edreira and Otegui, 2013; Neiff et al., 2016; Shim et al., 2017), coinciding with the period of maximum susceptibility to DH (Ouattar et al., 1987). Both the occurrence of ET or DH often result in the lag between the anthesis-stigmas interval (Cairns et al., 2013; Trachsel et al., 2016; Wang et al. 2019), leading to NG declines. Episodes of ET often reduce the pollen release period (PLP) and its daily production (Wang, 2019), as well as the % of viable pollen grains (Alam et al., 2017).
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