Retención de Dígitos (WAIS III): validez convergente y normas para población argentina entre 40 y 91 años
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Digit Span is frequently used in the field of neuropsychological evaluation in Argentina. However, updated normative data and evidence of convergent validity in the Argentine context are lacking. The objective was to elaborate normative data for the Test of digits-WAIS III and to analyze its convergent validity in Argentina. A total of 306 Argentines participated (mean age=66.5 years, 40-91 years). Subjects with pathologies that compromised neuropsychological performance were excluded. The Digit Test-WAIS III, the MoCA and fluency tasks were administered, performing correlations and regression. Education improves performance on Digit Span, although the effect size is small. Age does not influence significantly. Norms with cut scores are provided by educational level. There were positive correlations between Digits Span, MoCA and fluency. In conclusion, this research supports the use of the Digits Span in the Argentine context by offering up-to-date normative and acceptable evidence of validity.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
How to Cite
References
Abad, F., Garrido, J., Olea, J., & Ponsada, V. (2006). Introducción a la psicometría. Teoría Clásica de los Test y Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM).
Alzheimer’s Disease International [ADI]. (2018). World Alzheimer Report. The state of the art of dementia research: new frontiers. ADI. https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2018/
Ardila, A., & Ostrosky, F. (2012). Guía para el diagnóstico neuropsicológico. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (2014). Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (5ta ed). Editorial Médica Panamericana.
Asociación Argentina de Estudio e Investigación en Psicodiagnóstico [ADEIP] (1999). Código de ética del psicodiagnosticador. https://biblio.uesiglo21.edu.ar/bib/7092
Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Baddeley, A. (2012). Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. En G. H. Bower (Ed.), Psychology of Learning and Motivation (pp. 47-89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1
Burin, D. I., Ramezoni, V., & Arizaga, R. L. (2003). Evaluación neuropsicológica del envejecimiento: normas según edad y nivel educacional. Revista Neurológica Argentina, 28(3), 149-152. https://www.imbiomed.com.mx/articulo.php?id=17672
Casaletto, K. B., & Heaton, R. K. (2017). Neuropsychological Assessment: Past and Future. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23(9-10), 778-790. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617717001060
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2da Ed). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Choi, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Seo, E. H., Jo, M. K., Sohn, B. K., Choe, Y. M., Byun, M. S., Kim, J. W., Kim, S. G., Yoon, J. C., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., & Woo, J. I. (2014). A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. Psychiatry Investigation, 11(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2014.11.1.39
Delgado, C., Araneda, A., & Behrens, M. I. (2019). Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in adults older than 60 years. Neurología (English Edition), 34(6), 376–385. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2017.01.013
Ellis, P. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge University Press.
Fernández, A. L., Marino, J. C., & Alderete, A. M. (2004). Valores normativos en la prueba de fluidez verbal animales sobre una muestra de 251 adultos argentinos. Revista Argentina de Neuropsicología, 4, 12-22. https://www.revneuropsi.com.ar/_files/ugd/2c1a84_f2c3e0e3944d481abd7bb892af5c65c7.pdf
Fine, E. M., Kramer, J. H., Lui, L. Y., Yaffe, K., & Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Research Group (2012). Normative data in women aged 85 and older: verbal fluency, digit span, and the CVLT-II short form. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.639310
Flynn, J. R., & Rossi-Casé, L. (2012). IQ gains in Argentina between 1964 and 1998. Intelligence, 40(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2012.01.006
Garre-Olmo, J. (2018). Epidemiología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias. Revista de Neurología, 66(11), 377-386. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.6611.2017519
Glozman, J. M. (2020). Neuropsychology in the past, now and in the future. Lurian Journal, 1(1), 29–47. https://doi.org/10.15826/Lurian.2020.1.1.5
Gupta, M., Gupta, V., Buckshee, R. N., & Sharma, V. (2019). Validity and reliability of hindi translated version of Montreal cognitive assessment in older adults. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 125-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.022
Harrison, J. E., Buxton, P., Husain, M., & Wise, R. (2000). Short test of semantic and phonological fluency: normal performance, validity and test-retest reliability. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(2),181-191. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466500163202
Iñesta, C., Oltra-Cucarella, J., Bonete-López, B., Calderón-Rubio, E., & Sitges-Maciá, E. (2021). Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Digit Span, Letters and Numbers, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), Artículo 9958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18199958
Keith, K. D. (2019). CrossCultural Psychology: Contemporary Themes and Perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.
Leibovich de Figueroa, N., & Schmidt, V. (2008). Reflexiones acerca de la evaluación psicológica y neuropsicológica. Revista Argentina de Neuropsicología,12, 21-28. https://www.revneuropsi.com.ar/_files/ugd/2c1a84_712bc54006e94a9a923ad4a6d722847c.pdf
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5ta Ed). Oxford University Press.
Martino, P. L., Cervigni, M. A., Gallegos, M., & Politis, D. G. (2021). Estudios normativos argentinos sobre pruebas cognitivas para adultos: Una revisión sistemática (2000-2020). Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 13(3),19–33. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v13.n3.28270
Monaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2013). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. Neurological Science, 34, 749–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-012-1130-x
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Opdebeeck, C., Martyr, A., & Clare, L. (2016). Cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy older people: a meta-analysis. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 23(1), 40-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2015.1041450
Renteria, L., Li, S. T., & Pliskin, N. H. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Spanish Language Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd Edition) in a sample of American, urban, Spanish-speaking Hispanics. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701336428
Rojas-Zepeda, C., López-Espinoza, M., Cabezas-Araneda, B., Castillo-Fuentes, J., Márquez-Prado, M., Toro-Pedreros, S., & Vera-Muñoz, M. (2021). Factores de riesgo sociodemográficos y mórbidos asociados a deterioro cognitivo leve en adultos mayores. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología/Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 15(2), 43-56. https://cnps.cl/index.php/cnps/article/viewFile/464/535
Romero, EA. (2011). Confiabilidad y validez de los instrumentos de evaluación neuropsicológica. Subjetividad y Procesos Cognitivos, 15(2), 83-92. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=s1852-73102011000200004&script=sci_arttext
Serrano, C. M., Sorbara, M., Minond, A., Finlay, J. B., Arizaga, R. L., Iturry, M., Martinez, P., Heinemann, G., Gagliardi, C., Serra, A., Ces Magliano, F., Yacovino, D., Esnaloa y Rojas, M. M., Ruiz, A. S., & Graviotto, H. G. (2020). Validation of the Argentine version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MOCA): A screening tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia in Elderly. Dementia & Neuropsychologia,14(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-020007
Solovieva, Y., Quintanar-Rojas, L., Escotto-Córdova, E. A., & Baltazar-Ramos, A. M. (2021) La evaluación cualitativa en la neuropsicología. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología/Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 15(1), 119-129. https://www.cnps.cl/index.php/cnps/article/view/452
Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. A. (2006). Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3ra Ed.) Oxford University Press.
Torres, V. L., Vila-Castelar, C., Bocanegra, Y., Baena, A., Guzmán-Vélez, E., Aguirre-Acevedo, D. C., Tirado, V., Munoz, C., Henao, E., Moreno, S., Giraldo, M., Acosta, N., Rios Romenets, S., Langbaum, J. B., Cho, W., Reiman, E. M., Tariot, P. N., Rosselli, M., Quiroz, Y. T., & Lopera, F. (2021). Normative data stratified by age and education for a Spanish neuropsychological test battery: Results from the Colombian Alzheimer's prevention initiative registry. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 28(2), 230–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1627357
Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Third Edition (WAIS-III). The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (2002). WAIS III: Test de inteligencia para adultos. Paidós.
Woods, S. P., Scott, J. C., Sires, D. A., Grant, I., Heaton, R. K., Tröster, A. I., & the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC) Group (2005). Action (verb) fluency: test-retest reliability, normative standards, and construct validity. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(4), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617705050460
Zurique Sánchez, C., Cadena Sanabria, M. O., Zurique Sánchez, M., Camacho López, P. A., Sánchez Sanabria, M., Hernández Hernández, S., Velásquez Vanegas, K., & Ustate Valera, A. (2019). Prevalencia de demencia en adultos mayores de América Latina: revisión sistemática. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 54(6), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2018.12.007