Affective Simon Effect: A study in children and adolescents Affective Simon Effect
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
In this study, a modified variant of the Affective Simon Task (De Houwer & Eelen, 1998) was used in children and adolescents. Thus, we designed a task in which the participants had to respond choosing a happy or sad face depending on whether the figure presented on the screen was an object or an animal, ignoring its affective valence (positive or negative). Our results showed that the Affective Simon effect was produced only in the children group. Likewise, it was found that performance improved with age, which indicates an improvement of the processes involved in the resolution of the Affective Simon effect. The results of this study are a first exploratory approach to the investigation of the Affective Simon effect in children and young populations.
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
La RACC aplicará la licencia internacional de atribuciones comunes creativas (Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Bajo esta licencia, se permite cualquier explotación de la obra, incluyendo la explotación con fines comerciales y la creación de obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida sin ninguna restricción. Esta licencia es una licencia libre según la Freedom Defined. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e., RACC). Esta licencia fue desarrollada para facilitar el acceso abierto, gratuito y libre a trabajos originales científicos y artísticos.
Cómo citar
Referencias
American Psychological Association (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/principles.pdf
Argentinean Social Debt Observatory (s.f.). Página de inicio de la comunidad. Universidad Católica Argentina. https://repositorio.uca.edu.ar/handle/123456789/720
Amso, D., & Casey, B. J. (2009). Beyond what develops when: Neuroimaging may inform how cognition changes with development. En L. S. Liben (Ed.), Current directions in developmental psychology (pp. 85-94). Pearson.
Amso, D., & Johnson, S. P. (2005). Selection and inhibition in infancy: Evidence from the spatial negative priming paradigm. Cognition, 95(2), B27-B36. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.08.006
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, Aging, and Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task. Psychology and Aging, 19(2), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.2.290
Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind. Child Development, 72(4), 1032-1053. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00333
Casey, B. J. (2005) Frontostriatal and frontocerebellar circuitry underlying cognitive control. En U. Mayr, E. Awh, & S. W. Keele (Eds.), Developing Individuality in the Human Brain: A tribute to Michael I (pp. 141–166). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11108-008
Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. A. (1981). Developing Criteria for Establishing Interrater Reliability of Specific Items: Applications to Assessment of Adaptive-Behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86(2), 127–137. https://europepmc.org/article/med/7315877
Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2010). Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurement (7th edition). McGraw-Hill Companies.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (2006). Lineamientos para el comportamiento ético en las ciencias sociales y humanidades. Resolución 2857/06. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología. http://www.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/RD-20061211-2857.pdf
Constantinidis, C., & Luna, B. (2019). Neural Substrates of Inhibitory Control Maturation in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences, 42(9), 604-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.004
Cragg, L. (2016). The Development of Stimulus and Response Interference Control in Midchildhood. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000074
Cragg, L. & Nation, K. (2008). Go or no go? Developmental improvements in the efficiency of response inhibition in mid-childhood. Developmental Science, 11(6), 819-827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00730.x
Dahl, R. E. (2001). Affect regulation, brain development, and behavioral/ emotional health in adolescence. CNS Spectrums, 6(1), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900022884
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037-2078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006
De Houwer, J. (2003a). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50(2), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1026//1618-3169.50.2.77
De Houwer, J. (2003b). A structural analysis of indirect measures of attitudes. En J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 219-244). Erlbaum.
De Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1998). An affective variant of the Simon paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 12(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379772
De Houwer, J., Crombez, G., Baeyens, F., & Hermans, D. (2001). On the generality of the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 15(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930125883
De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (1998). Affective and identity priming with episodically associated stimuli. Cognition & Emotion, 12(2), 145-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379691
de Jong, P., van den Hout, M., Rietbroek, H., & Huijding, J. (2003). Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes toward phobic stimuli. Cognition & Emotion, 17(4), 521-545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302305
Draheim, C., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016). Combining Reaction Time and Accuracy: The Relationship Between Working Memory Capacity and Task Switching as a Case Example. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615596990
Duscherer, K., Holender, D., & Molenaar, E. (2008). Revisiting the affective Simon effect. Cognition & Emotion, 22(2), 193-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701339228
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. & Paik, M.C. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). John Wiley.
Fuentes Melero, L., & García Sevilla, J. (2008). Manual de Psicología de la atención. Una perspectiva neurocientífica. Síntesis.
Hommel, B., Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K. P. L. (2004). A feature-integration account of sequential effects in the Simon task. Psychological Research, 68(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-003-0132-y
Introzzi, I., Aydmune, Y., Zamora, E. V., Vernucci, S., & Ledesma, R. (2019). The development mechanisms of selective attention in child population. CES Psicología, 12(3), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.21615/cesp.12.3.8
Kail, R., & Salthouse, T. A. (1994). Processing speed as a mental capacity. Acta Psychologica, 86(2-3), 199-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(94)90003-5
Kornblum, S. (1992). Dimensional overlap and dimensional relevance in stimulus-response and stimulus-stimulus compatibility. En G. E. Stelmach & J. Requin (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior II, 2 (pp. 743-777). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kornblum, S., & Lee, J. W. (1995). Stimulus-response compatibility with relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions that do and do not overlap with the response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(4), 855-875. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.21.4.855
Lu, C. H., & Proctor, R. W. (1995). The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(2), 174-207. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210959
Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., Hooper, C. J., & Yarger, R. S. (2005). The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents. Child Development, 76(3), 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00872.x
Luna, B., Garver, K. E., Urban, T. A., Lazar, N. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Development, 75(5), 1357-1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00745.x
Marchewka, A., Żurawski, Ł., Jednoróg, K., & Grabowska, A. (2014). The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database. Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 596-610. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1
Mullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., & McLaughlin, E. (2009). Interference control in children with and without ADHD: a systematic review of Flanker and Simon task performance. Child Neuropsychology, 15(4), 321-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040802348028
Nweze, T., & Nwani, W. (2020). Contributions of working memory and inhibition to cognitive flexibility in Nigerian adolescents. Developmental Neuropsychology, 45(3), 118-128, https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2020.1765169
Parsons, S. (2019). Splithalf: Robust estimates of split half reliability (R package Version 5) [Computer software]. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5559175.v5
Pauls, F., Macha, T., & Petermann, F. (2013). U-shaped development: an old but unsolved problem. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article e301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00301
Peirce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy-Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
Pellicano, A., Iani, C., Borghi, A. M., Rubichi, S., & Nicoletti, R. (2010). Simon-like and functional affordance effects with tools: The effects of object perceptual discrimination and object action state. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(11), 2190-2201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2010.486903
Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: the attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380-391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380
Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K. P. L. (2006). Stimulus-response compatibility principles: Data, theory, and application. Taylor & Francis CRC Press.
Richardson, C., Anderson, M., Reid, C. L., & Fox, A. M. (2018). Development of inhibition and switching: A longitudinal study of the maturation of interference suppression and reversal processes during childhood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 34, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.002
Schimmack, U, & Derryberry, D. (2005). Attentional interference effects of emotional pictures: threat, negativity, or arousal?. Emotion, 5(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.55
Silvers, J. A., McRae, K., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., Remy, K. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). Age-related differences in emotional reactivity, regulation, and rejection sensitivity in adolescence. Emotion, 12(6), 1235–1247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028297
Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A. P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(3), 300-304. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020586
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005
Tipples, J. (2001). A conceptual replication and extension of the Affective Simon Effect. Cognition & Emotion, 15(5), 705-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930125941
Vandierendonck, A. (2017). A comparison of methods to combine speed and accuracy measures of performance: A rejoinder on the binning procedure. Behavior Research Methods, 49, 653–673. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0721-5
Vara, A. S., Pang, E. W., Vidal, J., Anagnostou, E., & Taylor, M. J. (2014). Neural mechanisms of inhibitory control continue to mature in adolescence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.009
Voß, A., Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2003). Estimating the valence of single stimuli: A new variant of the affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology, 50(2), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1026//1618-3169.50.2.86
Wagenmakers, E. J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Dropmann, D., Boutin, B., Meerhoff, F., Knight, P., Raj, A., van Kesteren, E. J., van Doorn, J., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Etz, A., Matzke, D., ... Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 58–76 https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7
Wentura, D. (2019). Cognition and emotion: on paradigms and metaphors. Cognition & Emotion, 33(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1567464
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. https://www.wma.net/policiespost/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-formedical-research-involving-human-subjects/
Zamora, E. V., Richard´s, M. M., Introzzi, I., Aydmune, Y., Urquijo, S., Guardia Olmos, J., & Marchewka, A. (2020). The Nencki Affective Picture System: A Children-Rated Subset. Trends in Psychology, 28, 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-020-00029-z
Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: Development and plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012. 00246.x
Zelazo, P. D., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007). Executive function: Mechanisms underlying emotion regulation. En J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 135–158). Guilford Press.