El uso problemático del smartphone y la autoestima: un meta-análisis
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
El uso problemático del smartphone ha sido catalogado como un problema de salud pública por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo es examinar la relación entre el uso problemático del smartphone y la autoestima. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PsycInfo, PubMed y Scopus recuperando un total de 30 estudios relevantes con una muestra total de 20916 participantes. El tamaño del efecto obtenido mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios es significativo y negativo (r = -.25; IC 95% = -.28, -.21), por lo que las personas que poseen una menor autoestima, presentan mayores niveles de uso problemático del smartphone. Los análisis de meta-regresión mostraron que el sexo y la edad no son variables moderadoras estadísticamente significativas. No se aprecia riesgo de sesgo de publicación. Se presentan las limitaciones y las implicaciones prácticas del trabajo.
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Commons Attribution License, CCAL). Com esta licença, os autores conservam o direito de propriedade sobre artigos mas permitem que qualquer pessoa façam download e distribuam os artigos publicados na RACC sem necessidade da permissão do autor ou editor. Uma última condição é que sempre, e em todos os casos, o autor e a fonte original de publicação (p.e., RACC) sejam citados. Esta licença foi desenvolvido para facilitar o acesso aberto, gratuito e livre a trabalhos originais do arte e ciência.
Como Citar
Referências
Las referencias con un asterisco (*) se encuentran incluidas en el meta-análisis.
Alkhateeb, A., Alboali, R., Alharbi, W., & Saleh, O. (2020). Smartphone addiction and its complications related to health and daily activities among university students in Saudi Arabia: A multicenter study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(7), 3220-3224. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1224_19
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. (5th ed.). Virginia, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Amez, S., & Baert, S. (2020). Smartphone use and academic performance: A literature review. International Journal of Educational Research, 103, 101618. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101618
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. doi: 10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
*Bhatt, S., & Gaur, A. (2019). Psychological risk factors associated with internet and smartphone addiction among students of an Indian dental institute. Indian Journal of Public Health, 63(4), 313-317. doi: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_330_18
Błachnio, A., & Przepiorka, A. (2019). Be aware! If you start using Facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem, and Facebook intrusion. A cross-sectional study. Social Science Computer Review, 37(2), 270-278. doi: 10.1177/0894439318754490
Bleidorn, W., Arslan, R. C., Denissen, J. J., Rentfrow, P. J., Gebauer, J. E., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in self-esteem—A cross-cultural window. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(3), 396-410. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000078
Botella, J., & Sánchez-Meca, J. (2015). Meta-Análisis en Ciencias Sociales y de la Salud. España: Editorial Síntesis.
Boumosleh, J. M., & Jaalouk, D. (2017). Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students-A cross sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182239. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182239
*Burnell, K., & Kuther, T. L. (2016). Predictors of mobile phone and social networking site dependency in adulthood. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(10), 621-627. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0209
Busalim, A. H., Masrom, M., & Zakaria, W. N. B. W. (2019). The impact of Facebook addiction and self-esteem on students’ academic performance: A multi-group analysis. Computers & Education, 142, 103651. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103651
Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1503-z
Chen, H. C., Wang, J. Y., Lin, Y. L., & Yang, S. Y. (2020). Association of internet addiction with family functionality, depression, self-efficacy and self-esteem among early adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8820. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17238820
*Chu, H. S., Tak, Y. R., & Lee, H. (2020). Exploring psychosocial factors that influence smartphone dependency among Korean adolescents. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232968. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232968
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Robins, R. W. (2011). Self-esteem: Enduring issues and controversies. En T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of individual differences (pp. 718–746). West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley Blackwell.
Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
*Estévez, A., Urbiola, I., Iruarrizaga, I., Onaindia, J., & Jauregui, P. (2017). Emotional dependency in dating relationships and psychological consequences of internet and mobile abuse. Anales de Psicología, 33(2), 260-268. doi: 10.6018/analesps.33.2.255111
*Gao, Q., Fu, E., Xiang, Y., Jia, G., & Wu, S. (2021). Self-esteem and addictive smartphone use: The mediator role of anxiety and the moderator role of self-control. Children and Youth Services Review, 124, 105990. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.105990
Hamilton, W. K. (2018). MAJOR: Meta Analysis JamOvi R [Software]. Recuperado de: https://github.com/kylehamilton/MAJOR
Hawi, N., & Samaha, M. (2019). Identifying commonalities and differences in personality characteristics of Internet and social media addiction profiles: traits, self-esteem, and self-construal. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(2), 110-119. doi: 10.1080/0144929x.2018.1515984
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, Florida: Academic press. doi: 10.1016/C2009-0-03396-0
Herrero, J., Torres, A., Vivas, P., & Urueña, A. (2019). Smartphone addiction and social support: A three-year longitudinal study. Psychosocial Intervention, 28(3), 111-118. doi: 10.5093/pi2019a6
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557-560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
*Hinojo-Lucena, F. J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M. P., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., & Romero-Rodríguez, J. M. (2020). Instagram Use as a Multimedia Platform for Sharing Images and Videos: Links to Smartphone Addiction and Self-Esteem. IEEE MultiMedia, 28(1), 48-55. doi: 10.1109/mmul.2020.3024182
*Hong, W., Liu, R. D., Ding, Y., Oei, T. P., Zhen, R., & Jiang, S. (2019). Parents' phubbing and problematic mobile phone use: the roles of the parent–child relationship and children's self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(12), 779-786. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0179
Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marin-Martinez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I² index? Psychological Methods, 11(2), 193-206. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.11.2.193
Kim, H., Choi, I. Y., & Kim, D. J. (2020). Excessive smartphone use and self-esteem among adults with internet gaming disorder: quantitative survey study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(9), e18505. doi: 10.2196/18505
*Kim, D., & Jahng, K. E. (2019). Children’s self-esteem and problematic smartphone use: The moderating effect of family rituals. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(12), 3446-3454. doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01526-1
*Kim, C., Kang, K. I., & Lee, N. (2020). Intergenerational Transmissions of Mother–Adolescent Smartphone Dependency: The Mediating Role of Negative Parenting and the Moderating Role of Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5871. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165871
*Kim, E., & Koh, E. (2018). Avoidant attachment and smartphone addiction in college students: The mediating effects of anxiety and self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 264-271. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.037
*Kiss, H., Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Piko, B. F. (2020). The digital divide: Risk and protective factors and the differences in problematic use of digital devices among Hungarian youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104612. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104612
*Koç, T., & Turan, A. H. (2021). The Relationships Among Social Media Intensity, Smartphone Addiction, and Subjective Wellbeing of Turkish College Students. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(5), 1999-2021. doi: 10.1007/s11482-020-09857-8
*Kong, F., Lan, N., Zhang, H., Sun, X., & Zhang, Y. (2022). How does social anxiety affect Mobile phone dependence in adolescents? The mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-esteem. Current Psychology, 41, 8070-8077. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01262-6
Kovach, M. (2018). A review of classical motivation theories: A study understanding the value of locus of control in Higher Education. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 7(1), 34-53. doi: 10.32674/jise.v7i1.1059
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
*Lannoy, S., Chatard, A., Selimbegovic, L., Tello, N., Van der Linden, M., Heeren, A., & Billieux, J. (2020). Too good to be cautious: High implicit self-esteem predicts self-reported dangerous mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 103, 208-213. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.018
Langan, D., Higgins, J. P., Jackson, D., Bowden, J., Veroniki, A. A., Kontopantelis, E., … Simmonds, M. (2019). A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random‐effects meta‐analyses. Research Synthesis Methods, 10(1), 83-98. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1316
*Lapierre, M. A. (2020). Smartphones and loneliness in love: Testing links between smartphone engagement, loneliness, and relational health. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(2), 125-134. doi: 10.1037/ppm0000230
*Lee, J. Y., Chung, Y. C., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. M., Shin, I. S., Yoon, J. S., & Kim, S. W. (2019). Problematic smartphone use and related factors in young patients with schizophrenia. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 11(3), e12357. doi: 10.1111/appy.12357
*Lee, J., Sung, M. J., Song, S. H., Lee, Y. M., Lee, J. J., Cho, S. M. … Shin, Y. M. (2018). Psychological factors associated with smartphone addiction in South Korean adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 288-302. doi: 10.1177/0272431616670751
*Lepp, A., Li, J., & Barkley, J. E. (2016). College students' cell phone use and attachment to parents and peers. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 401-408. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.021
Li, L., Gao, H., & Xu, Y. (2020). The mediating and buffering effect of academic self-efficacy on the relationship between smartphone addiction and academic procrastination. Computers & Education, 159, 104001. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104001
Li, Y., Li, G., Liu, L., & Wu, H. (2020). Correlations between mobile phone addiction and anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and poor sleep quality among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 551-571. doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00057
*Li, C., Liu, D., & Dong, Y. (2019). Self-esteem and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A moderated mediation model of depression and interpersonal trust. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2872. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02872
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. California, USA: SAGE.
Lowe-Calverley, E., & Pontes, H. M. (2020). Challenging the concept of smartphone addiction: An empirical pilot study of smartphone usage patterns and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(8), 550-556. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0719
Luo, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2020). Self-disclosure and social media: motivations, mechanisms and psychological well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 110-115. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.019
Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833-844. doi: 10.1080/0144929x.2018.1560499
Martinez-Pecino, R., & Garcia-Gavilán, M. (2019). Likes and problematic Instagram use: the moderating role of self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(6), 412-416. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2018.0701
Mascia, M. L., Agus, M., & Penna, M. P. (2020). Emotional intelligence, self-regulation, smartphone addiction: which relationship with student well-being and quality of life?. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 375. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00375
Mo, P. K., Chan, V. W., Wang, X., & Lau, J. T. (2020). Gender difference in the association between internet addiction, self-esteem and academic aspirations among adolescents: A structural equation modelling. Computers & Education, 155, 103921. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103921
*Mohamed, S. M., & Mostafa, M. H. (2020). Impact of smartphone addiction on depression and self‐esteem among nursing students. Nursing Open, 7(5), 1346-1353. doi: 10.1002/nop2.506
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Muche, H., & Asrese, K. (2022). Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Associated Factors Among Students in an Ethiopian University: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 22(2), 1-17. doi: 10.1080/1533256x.2021.1903681
Nayak, J. K. (2018). Relationship among smartphone usage, addiction, academic performance and the moderating role of gender: A study of higher education students in India. Computers & Education, 123, 164-173. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.007
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
*Peng, S., Zhou, B., Wang, X., Zhang, H., & Hu, X. (2020). Does high teacher autonomy support reduce smartphone use disorder in Chinese adolescents? A moderated mediation model. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106319. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106319
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004). Why do people need self-esteem? A theoretical and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 435-468. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435
*Romero-Rodríguez, J. M., & Aznar-Díaz, I. (2019). Análisis de la adicción al smartphone en estudiantes universitarios: Factores influyentes y correlación con la autoestima. Revista de Educación a Distancia (RED), 19(60), 1-12. doi: 10.6018/red/60/08
Romero-Rodríguez, J. M., Aznar-Díaz, I., Marín-Marín, J. A., Soler-Costa, R., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, C. (2020). Impact of problematic smartphone use and Instagram use intensity on self-esteem with university students from physical education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4336. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124336
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sechi, C., Loi, G., & Cabras, C. (2020). Addictive internet behaviors: The role of trait emotional intelligence, self‐esteem, age, and gender. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(3), 409-417. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12698
*Servidio, R. (2023). Fear of missing out and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between maximization and problematic smartphone use. Current Psychology, 42, 232-242. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01341-8
Sevelko, K., Bischof, G., Bischof, A., Besser, B., John, U., Meyer, C., & Rumpf, H. J. (2018). The role of self-esteem in Internet addiction within the context of comorbid mental disorders: Findings from a general population-based sample. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 976-984. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.130
Sohn, S., Rees, P., Wildridge, B., Kalk, N. J., & Carter, B. (2019). Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x
Thomée, S. (2018). Mobile phone use and mental health. A review of the research that takes a psychological perspective on exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2692. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15122692
Topçu, S., & Leana-Taşcılar, M. Z. (2018). The role of motivation and self-esteem in the academic achievement of Turkish gifted students. Gifted Education International, 34(1), 3-18. doi: 10.1177/0261429416646192
*Trub, L., & Barbot, B. (2020). Great escape or path to self-expression?: Development and validation of a scale of motivations for text messaging. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 53(1), 44-61. doi: 10.1080/07481756.2019.1667244
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R. W. (2013). Development of self-esteem. En V. Zeigler-Hill (Ed.), Self-esteem (pp. 60–79). London, England: Psychology Press.
Turner, A. (2020). How Many Smartphones Are in the World? Recuperado de: https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world
*Vally, Z., & El Hichami, F. (2019). An examination of problematic mobile phone use in the United Arab Emirates: Prevalence, correlates, and predictors in a college-aged sample of young adults. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100185. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100185
Volungis, A. M., Kalpidou, M., Popores, C., & Joyce, M. (2020). Smartphone addiction and its relationship with indices of social-emotional distress and personality. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1209-1225. doi: 10.1007/s11469-019-00119-9
*Wang, P., & Lei, L. (2019). How does problematic smartphone use impair adolescent self-esteem? A moderated mediation analysis. Current Psychology, 40, 2910–2916. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00232-x
*Wang, P., Nie, J., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Xie, X. … Ouyang, M. (2020). How are smartphones associated with adolescent materialism? Journal of Health Psychology, 25(13-14), 2406-2417. doi: 10.1177/1359105318801069
*Wang, P., Zhao, M., Wang, X., Xie, X., Wang, Y., & Lei, L. (2017). Peer relationship and adolescent smartphone addiction: The mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of the need to belong. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 708-717. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.079
Wolniewicz, C. A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 61-70. doi: 10.1002/hbe2.159
World Health Organization. (2015). Public health implications of excessive use of the Internet, computers, smartphones and similar electronic devices: meeting report. Tokyo, Japan: Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, National Cancer Research Centre.
*You, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019). How does self-esteem affect mobile phone addiction? The mediating role of social anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. Psychiatry Research, 271, 526-531. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.040
Yücens, B., & Üzer, A. (2018). The relationship between internet addiction, social anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem, and depression in a sample of Turkish undergraduate medical students. Psychiatry Research, 267, 313-318. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.033
*Yuchang, J., Cuicui, S., Junxiu, A., & Junyi, L. (2017). Attachment styles and smartphone addiction in Chinese college students: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(5), 1122-1134. doi: 10.1007/s11469-017-9772-9