Initial assessment of attitudes towards reporting cyber-harassment in children and adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v24.n1.45163Palabras clave:
Colombia, cyber-harassment, psychometrics, attitudes, factor-analysisResumen
This study aimed to validate the initial scale of attitudes toward reporting cyber-harassment in children-adolescents among people from the Colombian general community. An instrumental study was developed, which was reached in two non-probabilistic samples (n1 = 220, n2 = 204). With the first one, a Robust Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed, finding a unidimensional 7-item solution (RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .05, CFI = .99, and TLI = .99). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted in the second sample, finding an optimal fit (RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .04, CFI = .96, TLI = .95). In both models, optimal reliability indices were obtained. The total score was crossed with socio-demographics, finding some real significant difference. Software Factor and R with different packages were used.
Descargas
Referencias
Ayub, S., & Malik, F. (2020). Experiences of cyber harassment and social adjustment in female university students: Moderating role of self-efficacy. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 35(3), 523-544. https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2020.35.3.28
Baker, L., Campbell, M., Barreto, E., Campbell, M., & Barreto, E. (2013). Understanding technology-related violence against women: Types of violence and women’s experiences. Learning Network Brief, 6, 1-7. https://gbvlearningnetwork.ca/our-work/briefs/briefpdfs/LB-06.pdf
Barlett, C. P., Helmstetter, K., & Gentile, D. A. (2016). The development of a new cyberbullying attitude measure. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 906-913. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.013
Bégin, M. (2018). Cyberbulling. Una revisión de investigaciones internacionales sobre representaciones, prevalencias, efectos y explicaciones del fenómeno. Re-presentaciones. Periodismo. Comunicación y Sociedad, 10, 52-78. https://www.revistas.usach.cl
Beran, T. N., Rinaldi, C., Bickham, D. S., & Rich, M. (2012). Evidence for the need to support adolescents dealing with harassment and cyber-harassment: Prevalence, progression, and impact. School Psychology International, 33(5), 562-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034312446976
Best, S., Ré, N., Corcoran, L., & McGuckin, C. (2021). Validez de contenido del Cuestionario de Ciberagresión. Revista Evaluar, 21(2), 1-16. https://revistas.unc.edu.ar
Blum, D., Auné, S., Galibert, M. S., & Attorresi, H. (2013). Criterios para la eliminación de ítems de un Test de Analogías Figurales. Summa Psicológica UST, 10(2), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.18774/448x.2013.10.140
Carter, M. A. (2013). Third party observers witnessing cyber bullying on social media sites. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1296-1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.747
Cava, M-. J., & Buelga, S. (2018). Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Ciber-Violencia en Parejas Adolescentes (Cib-VPA). Suma Psicológica, 25(1), 51-61. http://doi.org/10.14349/sumapsi.2018.v25.n1.6
Cava, M-. J., Martínez-Ferrer, B., Buelga, S., & Carrascosa, L. (2020). Sexist attitudes, romantic myths, and offline dating violence as predictors of cyber dating violence perpetration in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106449
Cesario, B., Parks-Stamm, E., & Turgut, M. (2018). Initial assessment of the psychometric properties of the Sexual Harassment Reporting Attitudes Scale. Cogent Psychology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1517629
Choja, O., & Nelson, O. (2016). Psychological Violence and the bane of Cyber-Harassment against Women: An Experiential Inquest on Facebook. Gender &Behaviour, 14(3), 7589–7608.
Comtois, D. (2022). summarytools: Tools to quickly and neatly summarize data. R package (Version 1.0.1). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=summarytools
Cowie, H. (2013). El impacto emocional y las consecuencias del ciberacoso. Revista Digital de la Asociación CONVIVES, 3, 16-24. http://convivenciaenlaescuela.es
Cuenca-Piqueras, C., Fernández-Prados, J. S., & González-Moreno, M. J. (2020). Face-to-face versus online harassment of European women: Importance of date and place of birth. Sexuality & Culture, 24(1), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09632-4
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social Cognition, 25(5), 582-602. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.582
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
Feinerer, I., & Hornik, K. (2023). tm: Text Mining Package. R package (Version 0.7-11). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tm
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Ferrando, P. J., Lorenzo-Seva, U., Hernández-Dorado, A., & Muñiz, J. (2022). Decálogo para el análisis factorial de los ítems de un test [Decalogue for the factor analysis of test items]. Psicothema, 34(1), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.456
Ferguson, E., & Cox, T. (1993). Exploratory factor analysis: A users’ guide. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1(2), 84-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.1993.tb00092.x
Fletcher, T. D. (2022). psychometric: Applied psychometric theory. R package (Version 2.3). [Softwarede cómputo]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psychometric
Foley, C., May, D. C., Blevins, K. R., & Akers, J. (2015). An exploratory analysis of cyber-harassment of K-12 teachers by parents in public school settings. Educational Policy, 29(6), 879-902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904814550071
Foster, P. J., & Fullagar, C. J. (2018). Why don’t we report sexual harassment? An application of the theory of planned behavior. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 40(3), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2018.1449747
Garaigordobil, M., & Aliri, J. (2013). Ciberacoso (“cyberbullying”) en el país vasco: Diferencias de sexo en víctimas, agresores y observadores. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 21(3), 461-474. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com
Gomes-Cavalcanti, J., de Lima-Pinto, A. V., Pimentel, C. E., & Fernandes de Melo, L. M. (2021). Psychometric parameters of the Cyberbullying Attitude Scale in Brazil. Current Psychology, 40, 3897-3907. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00326-6
Grice, J. W. (2001). Computing and evaluating factor scores. Psychological Methods, 6(4), 430-450. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.430
Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2011). Cyber gender harassment and secondary victimization: A comparative analysis of the United States, the UK, and India. Victims & Offenders, 6(4), 386-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2011.607402
Hassan, F. M., Khalifa, F. N., El Desouky, E. D., Salem, M. R., & Ali, M. M. (2020). Cyber violence pattern and related factors: Online survey of females in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 10, article number 6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s41935-020-0180-0
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
Hu, L-. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F. J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.349
Jagayat, A., & Choma, B. L. (2021). Cyber-aggression towards women: Measurement and psychological predictors in gaming communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106753
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2022). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package (Version 0.5-6). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=semTools
Khan, A. U., & Roshan, R. (2020). Youth and cyber harassment: Reporting mechanism of cyber harassment by the KPK universities students. The Dialogue, 15(1), 74-82. https://journals.qurtuba.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/thedialogue/about
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Korkmaz, S., Goksuluk, D., & Zararsiz, G. (2014). MVN: An R package for assessing multivariate normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. https://journal.r-project.org
Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025-2047. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9
Lee, Y. C., & Wu, W. L-. (2018). Factors in cyber bullying: The attitude-social influence-efficacy model [Factores en el acoso cibernético: El modelo de actitud-influencia social, eficacia]. Annals of Psychology/Anales de Psicología, 34(2), 324-331. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.34.2.295411
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada [Exploratory ítem factor analysis: A practical guide, revised and updated.]. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 30(3), 1151-1169. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). MSA: The forgotten index for identifying inappropriate items before computing exploratory item factor analysis. Methodology, 17(4), 296-306. https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7185
Lu, Y., Van Ouytsel, J., Walrave, M., Ponnet, K., & Temple, J. R. (2018). Cross-sectional and temporal associations between cyber dating abuse victimization and mental health and substance use outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 65(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.009
Makanyeza, C. (2014). Measuring consumer attitude towards imported poultry meat products in a developing market: An assessment of reliability, validity and dimensionality of the tri-component attitude model. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 874-881. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p874
Méndez-Martínez, C. & Rondón-Sepúlveda, M. A. (2012). Introducción al análisis factorial exploratorio [Introduction to exploratory factor analysis (EFA)]. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 41(1), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60077-9
Muñiz, J. (1998). La medición de lo psicológico. Psicothema, 10(1), 1-21. https://www.psicothema.com
Muñiz, J., & Fonseca-Pedrero, E. (2019). Diez pasos para la construcción de un test [Ten steps to make a test]. Psicothema, 31(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.291
Neelam, A. (2017). Law relating to cyber harassment in India. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects, 4(4), 44-46. https://www.ijrra.net
Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2004). Sample size and subject to item ratio in principle components analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 9(11), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/ktzq-jq66
Ostrom, T. M. (1969). The relationship between the affective, behavioral, and cognitive components of attitude. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5(1), 12-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(69)90003-1
Panizo-Galence, V. (2011). El ciber-acoso con intención sexual y el child-grooming. Quadernos de Criminología: Revista de Criminología y Ciencias Forenses, 15, 22-33. https://revistaqdc.es
Pereira, F., Spitzberg, B. H., & Matos, M. (2016). Cyberharassment victimization in Portugal: Prevalence, fear and help-seeking among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 136-146. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.039
Peters, G. J. Y., & Gruijters, S. (2021). ufs: A collection of utilities. R package (Version 0.4.5.). [Software de cómputo]. https://r-packages.gitlab.io/ufs
Redondo-Pacheco, J., Luzardo-Briceño, M., Inglés-Saura, C. J., & Rivas-Rivero, E. (2018). Ciberacoso en una muestra de adolescentes de instituciones educativas de Bucaramanga. Psychologia, 12(1), 35-44. http://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.3366
RedPaPaz (2023). Viguías. https://viguias.org
Revelle, W. (2024). psych: Procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research (Version 2.4.3). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=psych
Rincón-Rueda, A. I., & Ávila-Díaz, W. D. (2014). Simbiosis vital para describir el ciberbullying en Colombia. Revista Científica General José María Córdova 12(14), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.61
Rivadulla-López, J. C., & Rodríguez-Correa, M. (2019). Ciberacoso escolar: Experiencias y propuestas de jóvenes universitarios. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia. 22(2), 179-201. http://doi.org/10.5944/ried.22.2.23541
R Core Team. (2022). RStudio: Integrated development environment for R (2022). (Version 12.0) [Software de cómputo]. https://www.rstudio.com
Roebianto, A., Savitiri, S. I., Aulia, I., Suciyana, A., & Mubarokah, L. (2023). Content validity: Definition and procedure of content validation in psychological research. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 30(1), 5-18. http://doi.org/10.4473/TPM30.1.1
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
Rodríguez-Domínguez, C., Pérez-Moreno, P. J., & Durán, M. (2020). Cyber dating violence: A review of its research methodology [Ciberviolencia en las relaciones de pareja: Una revisión sobre su metodología de investigación]. Annals of Psychology/Anales de Psicología, 36(2), 200-209. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.370451
Rosenberg, M. J. (1956). Cognitive structure and attitudinal affect. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53(3), 367-372. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044579
Rosenberg, M. J. (1960). A structural theory of attitude dynamics. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24(2), 319-340. http://doi.org/10.1086/266951
Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D. -H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 914-922. http://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.914
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Sakellari, E., Berglund, M., Santala, E., Bacatum, C. M. J., Sousa, J. E. X. F., Aarnio, H., Kubiliuté, L., Prapas, C., & Lagiou, A. (2022). The perceptions of sexual harassment among adolescents of four european countries. Children, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/children9101551
Sánchez-Díaz, L. (2019). Street harassment perception and its relations with self-objectification of women. Inter Disciplina, 7(17), 153-170. http://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2019.17.67534
Skjong, R., & Wentworth, B. H. (2000). Expert judgment and risk perception. Paper presented in the Eleventh International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Stavanger, Norway. https://onepetro.org
Stefani, D. (2005). Teoría de la acción razonada: Una propuesta de evaluación cuali-cuantitativa de las creencias acerca de la institucionalización geriátrica. Revista Evaluar, 5(1), 22-37. http://doi.org/10.35670/1667-4545.v5.n1.538
Suárez-Álvarez, J., Pedrosa, I., Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E., Cuesta, M., & Muñiz, J. (2018). Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice. Psicothema, 30(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.33
Valdivieso-Taborga, C. E. (2013). Comparación de los modelos formativo, reflexivo y de antecedentes de evaluación estudiantil del servicio de docencia. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa, 16, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.2182
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014
Valentini, F. (2017). Influência e controle da aquiescência na análise fatorial. Avaliação Psicológica, 16(2), 120-251. http://doi.org/10.15689/ap.2017.1602.ed
van der Schyff, K., Flowerday, S., & Renaud, K. (2022). Socially desirable responding within the context of privacy-related research: A personality perspective. South African Journal of Information Management, 24(1), a1507. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v24i1.1507
van Laer, T. (2014). The means to justify the end: Combating cyber harassment in social media. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(1), 85-98. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1806-z
Ventura-León, J. L. (2019). Tamaño del efecto para Kruskal-Wallis: Aportes al artículo de Domínguez-González et al. Investigación en Educación Médica, 8(30),135-136. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.riem.2017.07.002
Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2022). Attitudes, habits, and behavior change. Annual Review of Psychology, 73, 327-352. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-011744
Walker, C. M., Sockman, B. R., & Koehn, S. (2011). An exploratory study of cyberbullying with undergraduate university students. TechTrends, 55(2), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0481-0
Walsh, K., Rassafiani, M., Mathews, B., Farrell, A., & Butler, D. (2010). Teachers’ attitudes toward reporting child sexual abuse: Problems with existing research leading to new scale development. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(3), 310-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538711003781392
Wick, S. E., Nguyen, A. P., West, J. T., Nagoshi, C. T., Jordan, C., & Lehmann, P. (2020). Cyber harassment, coping, and psychological maladjustment in college students. College Student Journal, 54(1), 77-87. https://projectinnovationaustin.com/college-student-journal
Wickham, H., & Bryan, J. (2023). readxl: Read Excel Files. R package (Version 1.4.2). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readxl
Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., & Vaughan, D. (2023). dplyr: A grammar of data manipulation. R package (Version 1.1.2). [Software de cómputo]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr
Willard, N. E. (2007). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats: Responding to the challenge of online social aggression, threats, and distress. Research Press.
Xia, Y., & Yang, Y. (2019). RMSEA, CFI, and TLI in structural equation modeling with ordered categorical data: The story they tell depends on the estimation methods. Behavior Research Methods, 51(1), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1055-2
Yee, M. W., Alagappar, P. N., & Ngeow, Y. M. (2015). Differences in the perception of sexual harassment by gender and ethnicity among selected Malaysian undergraduates. Gender, Technology and Development, 19(2), 204-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852415578042
Zapata-Ospina, J. P., & García-Valencia, J. (2022). Validity based on content: A challenge in health measurement scales. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(2), 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320953477
Zweig, J. M., Dank, M., Yahner, J., & Lachman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(7), 1063-1077.http://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9922-8
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Nicolás Martínez-Ramos, Camila Arbeláez-Gómez, William Martínez, Consuelo Ramos, Judy Benavidez
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Revista Evaluar aplica la Licencia Internacional de Atribuciones Comunes Creativas (Creative Commons Attribution License, CCAL). Bajo esta licencia, los autores retienen la propiedad de copyright de los artículos pero permiten que, sin que medie permiso de autor o editor, cualquier persona descargue y distribuya los artículos publicados en Evaluar. La única condición es que siempre y en todos los casos se cite a los autores y a la fuente original de publicación (i.e. Evaluar). El envío de artículos a Evaluar y la lectura de los mismos es totalmente gratuito.
