Plant morphogenesis. A mini review
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Abstract
The term Morphology, coined by Goethe (1790), refers to the oldest branch of botany, devoted to the analysis of shapes regardless of the causes which generate them. Sachs (1880), following the ideas of Bacon (1561-1626), applied the law of causality to descriptive morphology, and thus, Morphogenesis was born. Phytomorphogenesis has long been part of physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, and molecular biology. It is the science that deals with the causes and the origin of shapes. In a plant, shapes develop in gradual stages of perfectly ordered structural changes, which result in organization (epigenesis). The changes in design are programmed in the genome, but their expression is controlled by precise endogenous mechanisms and environmental signals. From the phenomenological point of view, axiality, polarity, differentiation, and correlations are all operative. Physiological development is concomitant with morphogenesis, and both result in the climax process of flowering. Correlation plays a fundamental role, as each cell receives information from all parts of the organism by means of chemical (hormones, nutrients) or physical signals (light, gravity). The differentiation of a new organ or tissue implies the expression of specific genes induced by the interaction of hormones, nutrients, or physical signals.
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